ZAP Scanning Report

Summary of Alerts

Risk Level	Number of Alerts
High	0
Medium	5
Low	2
Informational	9

Alerts

Name	Risk Level	Number of Instances
CSP: Failure to Define Directive with No Fallback	Medium	1
CSP: Wildcard Directive	Medium	1
CSP: script-src unsafe-inline	Medium	1
CSP: style-src unsafe-inline	Medium	1
Proxy Disclosure	Medium	2
Permissions Policy Header Not Set	Low	1
Strict-Transport-Security Header Not Set	Low	4
Base64 Disclosure	Informational	1
Modern Web Application	Informational	1
Non-Storable Content	Informational	2
Sec-Fetch-Dest Header is Missing	Informational	3
Sec-Fetch-Mode Header is Missing	Informational	3
Sec-Fetch-Site Header is Missing	Informational	3
Sec-Fetch-User Header is Missing	Informational	3
Storable and Cacheable Content	Informational	3
User Agent Fuzzer	Informational	24

Alert Detail

CSP: Failure to Define Directive with No Fallback

Medium (High)

Description

The Content Security Policy fails to define one of the directives that has no fallback. Missing/excluding them is the same as allowing anything.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Content-Security-Policy
Attack: ``
Evidence: frame-ancestors *
Other Info: The directive(s): frame-ancestors, form-action is/are among the directives that do not fallback to default-src.

Instances: 1

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.

Reference

CWE Id: 693

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

CSP: Wildcard Directive

Medium (High)

Description

Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Content-Security-Policy
Attack: ``
Evidence: frame-ancestors *
Other Info: The following directives either allow wildcard sources (or ancestors), are not defined, or are overly broadly defined: script-src, style-src, img-src, connect-src, frame-src, font-src, media-src, object-src, manifest-src, worker-src

Instances: 1

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.

Reference

CWE Id: 693

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

CSP: script-src unsafe-inline

Medium (High)

Description

Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Content-Security-Policy
Attack: ``
Evidence: frame-ancestors *
Other Info: script-src includes unsafe-inline.

Instances: 1

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.

Reference

CWE Id: 693

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

CSP: style-src unsafe-inline

Medium (High)

Description

Content Security Policy (CSP) is an added layer of security that helps to detect and mitigate certain types of attacks. Including (but not limited to) Cross Site Scripting (XSS), and data injection attacks. These attacks are used for everything from data theft to site defacement or distribution of malware. CSP provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to declare approved sources of content that browsers should be allowed to load on that page — covered types are JavaScript, CSS, HTML frames, fonts, images and embeddable objects such as Java applets, ActiveX, audio and video files.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Content-Security-Policy
Attack: ``
Evidence: frame-ancestors *
Other Info: style-src includes unsafe-inline.

Instances: 1

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is properly configured to set the Content-Security-Policy header.

Reference

CWE Id: 693

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

Proxy Disclosure

Medium (Medium)

Description

2 proxy server(s) were detected or fingerprinted. This information helps a potential attacker to determine - A list of targets for an attack against the application. - Potential vulnerabilities on the proxy servers that service the application. - The presence or absence of any proxy-based components that might cause attacks against the application to be detected, prevented, or mitigated.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/robots.txt
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: TRACE, OPTIONS methods with 'Max-Forwards' header. TRACK method.
Evidence: ``
Other Info: `Using the TRACE, OPTIONS, and TRACK methods, the following proxy servers have been identified between ZAP and the application/web server:
Unknown
Unknown The following web/application server has been identified:
Unknown `
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/sitemap.xml
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: TRACE, OPTIONS methods with 'Max-Forwards' header. TRACK method.
Evidence: ``
Other Info: `Using the TRACE, OPTIONS, and TRACK methods, the following proxy servers have been identified between ZAP and the application/web server:
Unknown
Unknown The following web/application server has been identified:
Unknown `

Instances: 2

Solution

Disable the 'TRACE' method on the proxy servers, as well as the origin web/application server. Disable the 'OPTIONS' method on the proxy servers, as well as the origin web/application server, if it is not required for other purposes, such as 'CORS' (Cross Origin Resource Sharing). Configure the web and application servers with custom error pages, to prevent 'fingerprintable' product-specific error pages being leaked to the user in the event of HTTP errors, such as 'TRACK' requests for non-existent pages. Configure all proxies, application servers, and web servers to prevent disclosure of the technology and version information in the 'Server' and 'X-Powered-By' HTTP response headers.

Reference

https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7231#section-5.1.2

CWE Id: 204

WASC Id: 45

Source ID: 1

Permissions Policy Header Not Set

Low (Medium)

Description

Permissions Policy Header is an added layer of security that helps to restrict from unauthorized access or usage of browser/client features by web resources. This policy ensures the user privacy by limiting or specifying the features of the browsers can be used by the web resources. Permissions Policy provides a set of standard HTTP headers that allow website owners to limit which features of browsers can be used by the page such as camera, microphone, location, full screen etc.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 1

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is configured to set the Permissions-Policy header.

Reference

CWE Id: 693

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

Strict-Transport-Security Header Not Set

Low (High)

Description

HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) is a web security policy mechanism whereby a web server declares that complying user agents (such as a web browser) are to interact with it using only secure HTTPS connections (i.e. HTTP layered over TLS/SSL). HSTS is an IETF standards track protocol and is specified in RFC 6797.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/robots.txt
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/sitemap.xml
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 4

Solution

Ensure that your web server, application server, load balancer, etc. is configured to enforce Strict-Transport-Security.

Reference

CWE Id: 319

WASC Id: 15

Source ID: 3

Base64 Disclosure

Informational (Medium)

Description

Base64 encoded data was disclosed by the application/web server. Note: in the interests of performance not all base64 strings in the response were analyzed individually, the entire response should be looked at by the analyst/security team/developer(s).

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: e6Pz54n_UZOUoLj4th_S0Jg72AaVI1oeaBWWj_PEamA
Other Info: `{��Q��И;��#Zh��j``

Instances: 1

Solution

Manually confirm that the Base64 data does not leak sensitive information, and that the data cannot be aggregated/used to exploit other vulnerabilities.

Reference

https://projects.webappsec.org/w/page/13246936/Information%20Leakage

CWE Id: 319

WASC Id: 13

Source ID: 3

Modern Web Application

Informational (Medium)

Description

The application appears to be a modern web application. If you need to explore it automatically then the Ajax Spider may well be more effective than the standard one.

URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: <a class="govuk-header__link govuk-header__link--homepage" href="#" aria-label="GetToAnAnswer homepage"> <img src="/assets/department-for-education_white.png" alt="GetToAnAnswer homepage" class="govuk-header__logotype"> </a>
Other Info: Links have been found that do not have traditional href attributes, which is an indication that this is a modern web application.

Instances: 1

Solution

This is an informational alert and so no changes are required.

Reference

Source ID: 3

Non-Storable Content

Informational (Medium)

Description

The response contents are not storable by caching components such as proxy servers. If the response does not contain sensitive, personal or user-specific information, it may benefit from being stored and cached, to improve performance.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: 302
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: 302
Other Info: ``

Instances: 2

Solution

The content may be marked as storable by ensuring that the following conditions are satisfied: The request method must be understood by the cache and defined as being cacheable ("GET", "HEAD", and "POST" are currently defined as cacheable) The response status code must be understood by the cache (one of the 1XX, 2XX, 3XX, 4XX, or 5XX response classes are generally understood) The "no-store" cache directive must not appear in the request or response header fields For caching by "shared" caches such as "proxy" caches, the "private" response directive must not appear in the response For caching by "shared" caches such as "proxy" caches, the "Authorization" header field must not appear in the request, unless the response explicitly allows it (using one of the "must-revalidate", "public", or "s-maxage" Cache-Control response directives) In addition to the conditions above, at least one of the following conditions must also be satisfied by the response: It must contain an "Expires" header field It must contain a "max-age" response directive For "shared" caches such as "proxy" caches, it must contain a "s-maxage" response directive It must contain a "Cache Control Extension" that allows it to be cached It must have a status code that is defined as cacheable by default (200, 203, 204, 206, 300, 301, 404, 405, 410, 414, 501).

Reference

CWE Id: 524

WASC Id: 13

Source ID: 3

Sec-Fetch-Dest Header is Missing

Informational (High)

Description

Specifies how and where the data would be used. For instance, if the value is audio, then the requested resource must be audio data and not any other type of resource.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Dest
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Dest
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Dest
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 3

Solution

Ensure that Sec-Fetch-Dest header is included in request headers.

Reference

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Sec-Fetch-Dest

CWE Id: 352

WASC Id: 9

Source ID: 3

Sec-Fetch-Mode Header is Missing

Informational (High)

Description

Allows to differentiate between requests for navigating between HTML pages and requests for loading resources like images, audio etc.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Mode
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Mode
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Mode
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 3

Solution

Ensure that Sec-Fetch-Mode header is included in request headers.

Reference

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Sec-Fetch-Mode

CWE Id: 352

WASC Id: 9

Source ID: 3

Informational (High)

Description

Specifies the relationship between request initiator's origin and target's origin.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Site
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Site
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-Site
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 3

Solution

Ensure that Sec-Fetch-Site header is included in request headers.

Reference

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Sec-Fetch-Site

CWE Id: 352

WASC Id: 9

Source ID: 3

Sec-Fetch-User Header is Missing

Informational (High)

Description

Specifies if a navigation request was initiated by a user.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-User
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-User
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: Sec-Fetch-User
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``

Instances: 3

Solution

Ensure that Sec-Fetch-User header is included in user initiated requests.

Reference

https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Reference/Headers/Sec-Fetch-User

CWE Id: 352

WASC Id: 9

Source ID: 3

Storable and Cacheable Content

Informational (Medium)

Description

The response contents are storable by caching components such as proxy servers, and may be retrieved directly from the cache, rather than from the origin server by the caching servers, in response to similar requests from other users. If the response data is sensitive, personal or user-specific, this may result in sensitive information being leaked. In some cases, this may even result in a user gaining complete control of the session of another user, depending on the configuration of the caching components in use in their environment. This is primarily an issue where "shared" caching servers such as "proxy" caches are configured on the local network. This configuration is typically found in corporate or educational environments, for instance.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/robots.txt
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: In the absence of an explicitly specified caching lifetime directive in the response, a liberal lifetime heuristic of 1 year was assumed. This is permitted by rfc7234.
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/sitemap.xml
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: In the absence of an explicitly specified caching lifetime directive in the response, a liberal lifetime heuristic of 1 year was assumed. This is permitted by rfc7234.
URL: https://dev.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/en/service-unavailable
Method: GET
Parameter: ``
Attack: ``
Evidence: ``
Other Info: In the absence of an explicitly specified caching lifetime directive in the response, a liberal lifetime heuristic of 1 year was assumed. This is permitted by rfc7234.

Instances: 3

Solution

Validate that the response does not contain sensitive, personal or user-specific information. If it does, consider the use of the following HTTP response headers, to limit, or prevent the content being stored and retrieved from the cache by another user: Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store, must-revalidate, private Pragma: no-cache Expires: 0 This configuration directs both HTTP 1.0 and HTTP 1.1 compliant caching servers to not store the response, and to not retrieve the response (without validation) from the cache, in response to a similar request.

Reference

CWE Id: 524

WASC Id: 13

Source ID: 3

User Agent Fuzzer

Informational (Medium)

Description

Check for differences in response based on fuzzed User Agent (eg. mobile sites, access as a Search Engine Crawler). Compares the response statuscode and the hashcode of the response body with the original response.

URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3739.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/75.0.109.0
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:93.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Yahoo! Slurp; http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/ysearch/slurp)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0_2 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/600.1.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/12A366 Safari/600.1.4
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 3_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/528.18 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile/7A341 Safari/528.16
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: msnbot/1.1 (+http://search.msn.com/msnbot.htm)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 6.0)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 8.0; Windows NT 6.1)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3739.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/75.0.109.0
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/91.0.4472.124 Safari/537.36
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:93.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/91.0
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Googlebot/2.1; +http://www.google.com/bot.html)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Yahoo! Slurp; http://help.yahoo.com/help/us/ysearch/slurp)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; CPU iPhone OS 8_0_2 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/600.1.4 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/8.0 Mobile/12A366 Safari/600.1.4
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: Mozilla/5.0 (iPhone; U; CPU iPhone OS 3_0 like Mac OS X; en-us) AppleWebKit/528.18 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile/7A341 Safari/528.16
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``
URL: https://dev-api.get-to-an-answer.education.gov.uk/
Method: GET
Parameter: Header User-Agent
Attack: msnbot/1.1 (+http://search.msn.com/msnbot.htm)
Evidence: ``
Other Info: ``